Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors, the Liao and the Jin
In 960, the Song Dynasty (960-1279) gained power over most of China and established its capital in Kaifeng , establishing a period of economic prosperity, while the Khitan Liao Dynasty ruled over Manchuria and eastern Mongolia. In 1115 the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) emerged to prominence, annihilating the Liao Dynasty in 10 years. It also took power over northern China and Kaifeng from the Song Dynasty, which moved its capital to Hangzhou . The Southern Song Dynasty also suffered the humiliation of having to acknowledge the Jin Dynasty as formal overlords. In the ensuing years China was divided between the Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, and the Tangut Western Xia . Southern Song was a period of great technological development which can be explained in part by the military pressure that it felt from the north.